08连词
连词
连词
- 将两个独立的句子连接在一起；
- 表示两个句子的关系
We were wet and tired.
我们浑身透湿，精疲力竭。
She’s very hard-working but not very imaginative.
她工作很努力，但缺乏想象力。
She walked home by herself，although she knew that it was dangerous.
她一个人步行回的家，尽管她知道那样做很危险。
并列连词
and,or
- and和or表示“和，或”
Televisions and computers are dominating our daily life.（名词+名词）
电视和电脑正在主宰着我们的生活。
I have to shower and change.（动词+动词）
我得去洗个澡，换身衣服。
The photos are black and white.（形容词+形容词）
这些照片是黑白的。
My best friend and my father’s father both come from Wales.（句子+句子）
我最好的朋友和我的祖父都来自威尔士。
She got to the door and put the key in the latch.
从后往前找连词连接的成分
连词连接的成分是对称的
- and可以引出紧接着发生的动作
She came in and took her coat off.
她进来，脱掉了大衣。
I got dressed and had my breakfast.
我穿好衣服，吃了早饭。
- or 常用在否定句与疑问句
Is it a boy or a girl？
是男孩还是女孩？
There are people without homes，jobs or family.
有人无家可归，没有工作或家庭。
both … and,either …or ….,neither….nor…
意为“两者都·····”“或者····或者”“都不·····”
Both men and women have complained about the advertisement.
男人和女人都抱怨过这个广告。
Either you leave now or I call the police.
要么你现在离开，要么我就叫警察！
Neither my mother nor my father went to university.
我父母都没有上过大学。
as well as
I want to visit Andrew as well as Martin.
我想去拜访安德鲁，还有马丁。
They visited some factories，hospitals as well as the school.
他们参观了这所学校，还参观了工厂和医院。
as well as连接两个并列的名词或代词做主语，谓语动词与其前的名词或代词保持一致。
就远原则
Mary as well as her parents likes music.
玛丽和她的父母都喜欢音乐。
not only … but also
- not only 引导的成分与but also引导的成分语法结构对于。
She not only wrote the text but also selected the illustrations.
她不仅写文章而且还挑选插画。（连接两个谓语动词）
If this project fails，it will affect not only our department，but also the whole organization.
如果这个项目失败，不仅会影响到我们部门，还会对整个机构产生影响。（连接两个宾语）
以下结构语法结构不对称
He not only plays the piano but also the violin.(x)
He plays not only the piano but also the violin.
- not only 置句首，句子倒装。
Not only did he turn up late，he also forgot his books.
他不但迟到了，还忘了带书。
- not only…but also连接两个名词作主语时，就近原则。
Not only you but also he is a student.
第二，表示转折意义“但是”
but
- 但是
She’s very hard-working but not very imaginative.
她工作很努力，但缺乏想象力。
- 除了
I had no choice but to sign the contract.
除了签下合同，我别无选择。
He’s anything but mild.
他一点也不温柔。
not ….but
不是…..而是
This is not caused by evil，but by simple ignorance.
这并不是恶意而为，只是由于无知。
She’s not a painter but a musician.
她不是画家而是音乐家。
however
He was feeling bad.He went to work，however，and tried to concentrate。
他感觉不舒服。然而，他还是去上班了，努力集中注意力。
We thought the figures were correct.However，we have now discovered some errors.
我们认为数字是正确的。但是，我们已经发现了一些错误。
可以用于句首，句中，句末
需要用逗号与其他句子成分隔开
whereas和while表对比关系“然而”
We thought she was arrogant，whereas in fact she was just very shy.
我们认为她傲慢，但是事实上她只是非常害羞。
While Toms very good at science，his brother is absolutely hopeless.
汤姆非常擅长科学，但是他哥哥在这方面完全没戏。
第三，表示“否则”
or
否则
He must like her，or he wouldnt keep calling her.
他肯定喜欢她，否则他不可能一直给她打电话。
or else
We must be there by six，or else we’ll miss the beginning.
我们一定要在6点前赶到那里，要不然就会错过开场。
otherwise
I’d better write it down，otherwise I’ll forget it.
我最好把它写下来，否则我会忘了的。
第四，表示因果关系
for “因为” ，不引导从句
She remained silent，for her heart was heavy and her spirits low.
由于心情沉重情绪低落，她一直沉默不语。
so “所以，因此”
My legs started hurting so I stopped running.
我的腿开始疼痛，因此我停下来不再跑了。
I was lost so I bought a street map.
我迷路了，所以买了一张街道地图。
hence “所以”
I fell off my bike yesterday，hence the bruises.
我昨天骑自行车摔倒了，所以青一块紫一块的。
The town was built among the hills，hence the name Hilltown.
该城镇修建在群山之中，故取名“Hilltown”。
therefore 所以
We were unable to get funding and therefore had to abandon the project.
我们无法筹到资金，因此不得不放弃计划。
thus 所以
Agriculture has developed rapidly，thus providing light industry with ample raw materials.
农业迅速发展，从而为轻工业提供了充足的原料。
从属连词
三大从句的产生
单词被句子替代
- 形容词 - 形容词从句 - 定语从句
- 副词 - 副词从句 - 状语从句（9种）
- 名词 - 名词从句 - 名词性从句（4种）
- 主语
- 宾 表
- 同 定
9 大状语从句助记
时间 地点 为一家
原因 结果 是一对
条件 目的 有虚拟
我比较喜欢让步的方式
时间状语从句
| 状语从句类型 | 从属连词 |
|---|---|
| 时间状语从句 | when，while，before，after，immediately |
| 地点状语从句 | where，wherever |
| 原因状语从句 | because，in that，since，as |
| 让步状语从句 | although，though，while，however，wh-ever，no matter wh- |
| 目的状语从句 | in order that，so that，in case，for fear that，for the purpose that |
| 结果状语从句 | so that，such that |
| 条件状语从句 | if，unless，as long as |
| 方式状语从句 | as，as if，as though |
| 比较状语从句 | than，not so…..as，as…..as |
时间状语从句
When did you leave？
你什么时候离开？
The phone rang while we were having dinner.
我们吃晚饭的时候，电话响了。
She gave everyone a present before she left.
她离开前给每个人送了礼物。
No one left the room until the talk ended.
谈话结束后人们才离开。
As you get older，moving house gets harder.
随着你变老，搬家变得越来越困难。
Three months after they moved out，the house was still empty.
他们搬出去3个月了，这座房子仍然空着。
“一 ···· 就”
as soon as
He made a phone call to me as soon as he came back.
他一回来就给我打了个电话。
once
Once seeing it（= Once you see it）you can never forget it.
一见到了就永远不会忘记。
非谓语动词前可以加从属连词 但是不能加并列连词
at the sight/hearing/sound/ (bare) thought/idea of
- 一看到/听到/想到·····就
- 句中的谓语动词用一般过去时
At the hearing of news，he rushed out.
听到这个消息，他就冲出去了。
At the hearing of the police officers they ran off.
看见那些警官，他们便逃跑了。
hardly…when…, scarcely…when…, no sooner…than
Hardly had I left home when it began to rain.
我刚刚离开家门，天就下雨了。
He had no sooner returned than he bought a house.
他一回来就买了一套房子。
注意
hardly/scarcely/barely和no soon 否定词位于句首时，部分倒装；
hardly/scarcely和no sooner的主句用过去完成时，从句用过去时。
the moment /the minute /the instant /the second
I recognized him the instant/the minute/the moment/the second I saw him.
我一看到他，就认出他来了。
地点状语从句
I like to have him next to me where I can keep an eye on him.
我想让他挨着我，这样我就可以顺便照看他了。
Wherever i go I always seem to meet him.
无论去哪儿，我似乎总是能碰见他。
原因状语从句
Just because I don‘t complain，people think I’m satisfied.
就是因为我不抱怨，所以大家认为我满意了
As it was getting too late，I decided to book into a hotel.
因为太晚了，我决定找家酒店投宿。
The research is important in that it confirms the link between aggression and alcohol.
这项研究非常重要，因为它证实了攻击行为和酗酒之间的联系。
介词短语表原因
because of , due to ,thanks to, by virtue of , in sight of ,be responsible for
原因状语从句表原因
because , in that , for the reason that , on the ground that , seeing that , considering that
让步状语从句
Although/Though he is very old，he is quite healthy.
他虽然年纪大了，身体还很健康。
Hard as/though he works he makes little progress.
尽管他学习很努力，但几乎没取得什么进步。
Despite repeated assurances that the product is safe，many people have stopped buying it.
尽管已反复保证了该产品的安全性，很多人还是不再购买。
In spite of its election success，the government is still deeply distrusted on key health and education issues.
尽管选举成功，但是在主要医疗教育问题上，政府仍然不受信任。
This job is open to all，regardless of previous experience.
这份工作任何人都可以应聘，不管其以前的工作经历如何。
Whether you believe it or not，it’s true.
无论你是否相信，这都是真的。
No matter what happened，he would persist.
（=Whatever happened he would persist.）
无论发生了什么事情，他都会坚持的。
When anyone does something for you，no matter how small，you should say“Thank you“.
只要任何人替你做了一件事，不管事情多么微不足道，你都应该说声“谢谢”。
However（=No matter how）expensive it might be，I’ll buy it.
无论它有多贵，我也要买下它。
They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
Even though it’s hard work，i enjoy it.
虽然工作艰苦，我还是很喜欢
目的状语从句
“为了”
“以防”
In order that he should not be late，his mother woke him up at 6.
为了让他不迟到，他母亲六点就叫醒了他。
He walked fast for fear that he should be late.
他快走，以防迟到。
He works hard at his lessons so that he could perform in the exams.
他努力学习功课，争取考试能获得好成绩。
结果状语从句
所以
“如此···以至于”
The camera is so expensive that i can t afford it.
这台相机太贵了（以至于）我买不起。
It was very cold，so that the river froze.
天气寒冷，河水都结冰了
Our country has so much coal that she can export large quantities.
我们国家的煤炭非常丰富，可以大量出口。
His plan was such a good one that we all agreed to accept it.
他的计划太好了，我们都接受。
条件状语从句
If we hurry，we may catch the bus.
如果赶紧走我们可能赶得上公共汽车。
Bring a map in case you get lost.
带张地图吧，以防迷路。
As long as you do that，then the rest is kind of simple and easy.
只要你做到了这点，接下来的就顺其自然了
Nothing will come of it，unless disaster.
此事除了引起灾祸以外不会有什么结果。
He’s welcome to come along，provided that he behaves himself.
他只要守规矩就欢迎他来
方式状语从句
Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it happened yesterday Eiza.
准确地记得所有的事情，仿佛这些事发生在昨天。
When a pencil is partly in a glass of water，it looks as if it were brok.e
铅笔的一部分置于水中时，仿佛那部分折断了
比较状语从句
She likes you better than me.
她喜欢你胜过喜欢我。
He can run faster than i do.
他跑得比我快。
It is not so difficult as you image.
它没有你想的那么困难。
Your pen writes as smoothly as mine.
你的钢笔书写起来和我的一样流畅。
The more you read，the better you understand.
你看的书越多，你懂得就越多。
定语从句
形容词性从句
定义
- 修饰句中的名词或代词的从句
- 定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后
- 先行词指被定语从句修饰的名词或代词
关系代词（关系词）
- 定语从句由关系代词引导
- 三个作用
- 引导定语从句
- 代替先行词
- 在定语从句中作一定的成分
I know the girl. A girl is talking to Tom.
= l know the girl who is talking to Tom.
我认识那个正在和Tom说话的女孩。
- who 引导的定语从句修饰名词the girl
- girl 为先行词
- 代替the girl 在定语从句中作主语
who
指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略。
Einstein，who was born in Germany，is famous for his theory of relativity.
爱因斯坦出生在德国，以相对论著称。
John met a woman（who）i had been to school with.
约翰遇到的女人是我曾经的同学。
Do you know the girl（who）he’s talking to？
你认识他正在聊天的女孩吗？
| who, whom | that,whose |
|---|---|
| 关系代词之后跟动词 | 关系代词之后跟句子（5之一） |
which
指动物或事物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略。
The camera which costs $100 is over there.
花了100美元的相机在那儿。
The bike（which）I loved was stolen.
我喜欢的自行车被偷了。
Where’s the pencil（which）I gave you yesterday.
我昨天给你的铅笔去哪儿了？
which
代指前面的句子
The meeting was put off， which was exactly what we wanted.
会议被取消了，这确实是我们所想的。
先行词是前面整个句子
whose
表示所属“谁的”
相当于形容词性物主代词
“的”
可以指人也可以指物
The little girl whose toy was lost is sad.
那个丢了玩具的女孩很伤心。
Students whose grades are low can drop one test score.
分数低的学生可以放弃一门成绩。
可以 通过 whose 用 ‘s 替代检测
whom
指代人，在定语从句中作宾语
The woman whom they visited in hospital was an old aunt of theirs.
他们去医院看望的人是他们的大姨。
The boy whom you told me about got the best grades in mathematics.
你告诉我的那个男孩在数学上取得了最好的成绩。
that
- 只能用在限定性定语从句中
- 在句中可指人可指物
- 作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略
I didn’t like that girl (that) you brought to the party.
我不喜欢你带来聚会上的那个女孩。
The university (that) she likes is famous.
她喜欢的大学非常有名。
I like the vase that is over there.
关系副词
when = in/on which
相当于介词+which,在定语从句中做状语
July and August are the months in which most people go on holiday.
= July and August are the months when most people go on holiday.
七月和八月是大多数放假的月份。
where =in /at which 表地点
This is the shop in which I bought books.
This is the shop where I bought books.
这是我买书的商店。
why = for which 表原因
A horror film was the reason why I couldn’t sleep last night.
昨天晚上睡不着的原因是看了一部恐怖电影。
- 修饰人
- 主语：who /that
- 宾语：who/whom/that
- 定语：whose
- 修饰物
- 主语/宾语：which/that
- 定语：whose
- 修饰其他
- 时间：when = in/on which
- 地点：where=in / at which
- 原因：why = for which
作宾语时引导词可以省略但是不推荐省略
限定性定语从句
- 对所修饰的名词或代词有限定作用
- 去掉后不能完整表达句意
I know the man who is standing there.
我认识站在那里的男士。
I visited the town which you told me about.
我参观过你告诉我的小城。
非限定性定语从句
- 与主句的关系没有那么密切
- 常用逗号与主句隔开，去掉后不影响句意
- 指人，用who/whom
- 指物，which
My books，which have black covers，are on the desk.
我的新书是黑色封面的，在桌子上。
My bicycle，which I’ve had for more than ten years，is falling apart.
我的自行车已经有10年了，现在散架了。
I’ve just come back from London，where my sister lives.
我刚从伦敦回来，那是我姐姐住的地方。
Yesterday I met a woman，whose skirt is very shinny.
昨天我见到一位女士，她的裙子非常闪亮。
非限定定语从句常与all of,both of , either of,many of,most of ,none of ,one of等连用。
There were a lot of people at the party，many of whom I had known for years.
有很多人在聚会上，其中有些人我认识了很多年了。
He carried vases，many of which were broken.
他带了很多花瓶，许多都破了。
He had thousands of books，most of which were destroyed.
他有很多书，许多都被毁坏了。
He picked up a handful of stones，one of which was sharp.
他见了一把石头，有一个很锋利。
that 和 which 的区别
that 引导限定性定语从句
which 既可以引导限定性定语从句也可以引导非限定性定语从句。
,which
只能用that的情况
先行词是不定代词时
everything, anything, nothing（something除外）,all ,none,few,little,some等
All that can be done has been done.
所有能做的事情都已经做完了。
Rescuers are doing everything that they possibly can to free the trapped people.
救援人员尽他们所能解救被困人员。
Everything that is in this room belongs to him.
这个房间里面所有的东西属于他。
先行词被序数词修饰时
When people talk about Hangzhou，the first that comes to mind is the west Lake.
人们提起杭州时，首先进入脑海的便是西湖。
先行词被形容词最高级修饰或被the very, the only修饰时。
This is the very best present that I’ve ever had.
这是我有过的最好的礼物。
It was the only thing that I could do under the circumstances.
在这种情况下这是我唯一能够做的。
先行词的前面有who,which等疑问代词时。
Who is the boy that is standing there？
站在那儿的那个男孩是谁？
当先行词为人与物时
They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at college.
他们谈论着他们所能记起的大学时的人和事。
王菲小总结：“王菲3+2”
3 普遍
- 修饰人 (who,whom,that,whose)
- 修饰物 (which,that, whose)
- 修其他 (when,where,why)
2 特殊
- 只能用which不用that；只能用that不用which
- 只能用that不用who；只能用who不用that
名词性从句
主语从句
指主语由一个句子构成
That we were late to class really upset the teacher.
我们迟到让老师很失望
The fact that we were late to class really upset the teacher.
我们迟到这件事让老师很失望。
How the boy behaved was not very polite.
这个男孩表现的不是很有礼貌。
When he will be there is unsure.
他什么时候来不确定。
What she wrote surprised her family.
她写的东西使她的家人很惊讶。
Whoever thought of that idea is a genius.
有那样想法的人是天才。
Whichever restaurant you pick is fine with me.
你挑哪个饭店都可以。
注意(可以改写成It 作形式主语的形式)
It is immediately clear whether the financial crisis will soon be over.
宾语从句
跟在谓语动词后或者介词之后的从句
She didn’t realize that the directions were wrong.
她没有意识到方向是错的。
He didn’t know why the stove wasn ‘t working.
他不知道为什么火炉不能用。
They now understand that you should not cheat on a test.
他们现在明白了不该在考试中作弊。
On weekends，we can do whatever we want.
周末，我们可以做任何我们想做的事情。
I am not interested in whatever the teacher says.
我对老师说的不感兴趣。
注意
- 如果主句谓语动词为一般过去时，从句为相应的过去时态。如：一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时等。
- 当宾语从句叙述的是客观事实时，从句用一般过去时，不受主句谓语动词时态限制。
同位语从句
起到介绍的作用，去掉之后句子仍然完整。
The beast，a lion was starting to show interest in rabbits.
那只野兽——狮子开始对兔子感兴趣。
The insect，a large cockroach，is crawling across the kitchen table.
那个昆虫——一只大蟑螂爬过了厨房的桌子。
The belief that students can become independent learners is common among teachers.
学生可以成为独立的学习者，这样的想法在老师间很普遍。
Our knowledge that students can become independent learners drives our work.
我们的理解：学生可以成为独立的学习者促进我们工作。
The issue whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.
这个问题是对还是错要看结果。（I 不可以引导同位语从句）
表语从句
系动词后的从句
My greatest asset is that I am a hard worker.
我最大的财富是我是一个努力的工人。
His excuse was that he had forgotten to set his alarm.
他的借口是他忘记设置闹钟。
The question is whether the camping is worth going.
问题是值不值得去野营。