02代词

代词

指代已经提到的或是即将提到的人或物。
代替所提到的名词或名词性短语。
在句中可以做主语,宾语,表语或同位语。

It is a table.(做主语)
I asked myself what I would have done in such a situation.(做宾语)
The boys all laughed their heads off.(做同位语)
Who’s that?(做表语)

人称 单复数 主格 宾格
第一人称 单数 I me
第一人称 复数 we us
第二人称 单数 you you
第二人称 复数 you you
第三人称 单数 he,she,it him,her,it
第三人称 复数 they them

2人称代词的句法作用

(1)
I asked my mother if she’d lend me some money,but she said no.我问母亲能否借我点钱,她没有答应。(she指代前面出现过的 my mother)
I’ve known the Browns for a long time.they’re very nice people.我认识布朗一家已经很久了。他们都很友善。
(They指代前面出现过的 the Browns)
If you don’t hurry up we’ll be late.你不抓紧的话我们就要迟到了。

(2)
Neither of us forgot about it.我俩都没忘记它。
Is Sam there?Let me talk to him.萨姆在吗?让我和他谈谈。
We’re going to call her Sophie.我们打算称呼她苏菲。
Tell them the news.告诉他们这条消息。

(3)
That must be her now.现在那肯定是她。
Who is it?是谁?

(4)
1 指上文提及的某一物体、动物或其他事物。
The company was losing money and it had to let people go.该公司在亏损,所以不得不裁员。

it做形式主语,宾语。

2 尚不知道性别的婴儿。
She could compel him to support the child after it was born.
她可以迫使他在孩子出生后抚养孩子。
Her baby’s due next month.She hopes it will be a boy.
她的孩子下月就要出生了,她希望是个男孩。

3 指时间,距离,天气或环境等。
It’s ten past twelve.
12点10分。现在是12点10分。
It’s time for lunch.
是该吃午饭的时候了。
It is raining.
天正在下雨。
It’s two miles to the beach.
距离海滩2英里远。

4 指已经发生或正在发生的事件或情况。
When the factory closes,it will mean 500 people losing their jobs.工厂倒闭就意味着500人要下岗了。
Yes,I was at home on Sunday.What about it?(=Why do you ask?
是,我周日在家,怎么了?
Stop it,you’re hurting me.停下来,你打到我了。

5 识别,辨别人。
It’s your mother on the phone.是你妈打的电话。
Hello,Peter,it‘s Mike here.你好,彼特,我是麦克。
Was it you who put these books on my desk?
是你把这些书放在我桌子上的吗?

6 强调句
It‘s Spain that they’re going to,not Portugal.他们去的是西班牙,不是葡萄牙。
It was three weeks later that he heard the news.三周后,他才得知这个消息。
**详见强调句 **

二 物主代词

1 定义

(1)形容词性物主代词
my,your,his,her,their,its
I want my own car.
Anyone who drives his car at 100 miles an hour is asking for trouble.

(2)名词性物主代词
|单数|mine|yours|his/her|
|:—–|:——|:——|:—-|
|复数|ours|yours|theirs|

He’s a friend of mine ( =one of my friends Which table is ours?
think she’s a relation of theirs.

指代清楚时用名词性物主代词。

句法功能

(1) 形容词性物主代词:句中做定语,修饰名词。
Your mother is driving me crazy.你母亲快把我逼疯了。
James has sold his car.詹姆斯卖了他的车。
注意:在动名词的复合结构中,形容词性物主代词做名词的逻辑主语。

She was somewhat surprised at my asking(=that I asked)for the book to be returned.我要她还书她感到相当惊讶。
Did Chris tell you about his winning some money in the lottery.克里斯告诉你他买彩票中奖了吗?

(2)名词性物主代词
主语
Ours is the red car parked over there.我们的车是停在那边那辆红色的。
Theirs are the children with very fair hair.他们的孩子有一头金色的头发。
表语
“Whose bag is this?””Its mine.”
“这是谁的包?”是我的
Is that book yours
那本书是你的吗?

宾语
Let’s go back to yours after the show.秀场结束后我们去你家。
I will clean my house and you clean yours.我打扫我的房子,你打扫你的。
of+名词性物主代词连用做定语,为双重所有格,表示所涉及的某个群体中的一位。
a friend of hers她的一位朋友(= one of her friends)
He’s a cousin of ours.他是我们的一个表兄。(= one of our cousins)

反身代词

表“自己”
有人称和数的变化

人称 单数 复数
第一人称 myself ourselves
第二人称 youself yourselves
第三人称 himself,herself,itself themselvs

Be careful with that knife or you’ll cut yourself
用那把刀要当心,否则你会弄伤自己的!
They asked themselves where they had gone wrong.他们在反省自己哪儿出错了

小结:人称,物主,反身代词
|人称|单复数|主格|宾格|形容词性物主代词|名词性物主代词|反身代词|
|:——-|:——-|:——-|:——-|:——-|:——-|:——-|
|第一人称|单数|I|me|my|mine|myself|
|第二人称|单数|you|you|your|yours|yourself|
|第三人称|单数|he,she,it|him,her,it|his,her,its|his,hers,its|himself,herself,itself|
|第一人称|复数|we|us|our|ours|ourselves|
|第二人称|复数|you|you|your|yours|youselves|
|第三人称|复数|they|them|their|theirs|themselves|

指示代词

  • this,that,these,those做代词时为指示代词
  • 表示“这个,那个,这些,那些”
  • 在句中做主语,宾语
单数 this that
复数 these those

句法功能

  • (1) 作主语

These are too heavy for me to carry.这些太重了,我拿不动。
This is the one I want.这就是我要的那个。

  • (2) 作宾语
    I like this better than that.我喜欢这个多于那个。
    I don’t say no to that.我并未拒绝那个。
    here is no fear of that.那并不可怕。

  • (3) 作定语
    Can I help you with those bags?我可以帮忙提这些包吗?
    I’ve never liked that cousin of hers.我从来没喜欢过她的那个表亲。

  • (4) 作表语
    Who’s that?Is that the girl you told me about?
    那是谁?是你跟我说起过的那个女孩吗?
    What’s this?Is this what you’re looking for?
    这是什么?这是你要找的吗?

用法

  • (1) this和these指在时间和空间上较近的人或物,that和those指在时间和空间上较远的人或者事物。
    This is a pen and that’s an eraser这是一支笔,那是块橡皮擦。
    This is a boy and those are girls.这是个男孩,那些是女孩。
  • (2) 为了避免重复,用that或those来代替前面已经提到的人或者物;
    用this或these来代替下文中将要提的人或物。
    She’s very friendly,and that is why we all love her.她很友善,这就是我们都喜欢她的原因。
    You needn’t do this – It’s pretty easy.你不必做这事,那相当容易。
  • (3) 打电话介绍自己时用this指“我”,不用I;
    询问对方用that指“你”,不用you。
    Hello.This is Mary.Who’s that?喂,我是玛丽。你是谁?
    This is Ton.我是汤姆

五 关系代词

  1. 用来引导定语从句
  2. 在从句中充当一定的句子成分
  3. 关系代词有主语,宾格和属格之分
  4. 有指人与物之分

属格的别名所有格

指人 who,whom,whose,that,as
指物 which,whose,that,as

六 连接代词

疑问代词在引起从句时,都称为连接代词,包括who,whom,Whose,what,which,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever

七 不定代词

  1. 合成不定代词
someone 某人 anyone 任何人 everyone 人人 no one 没有人
somebody 某人 anybody 任何人 everybody 人人 nobody 没有人
something 某样东西 anything 任何东西 everything 一切 nothing 没有东西
  1. 第二类不定代词
some either little other many each
any neither a little others much both
none few another more every
a few the other most all

注意

  • 合成不定代词谓语动词用单数
    Theres something sharp in my shoes.我的鞋子里有个尖东西。
    There’s someone outside the house.屋子外面有人。

Nobody agrees with me.没人同意我的看法。

  • -thing结尾指物;-one,body结尾指人
    Everyone involved in the accident has been questioned by the police.事故牵涉到的毎个人都被警方盘问过。
    She could be anything(=any age)between 30 and 40. 她的年龄介于30到40岁之间。
    No one told me she was ill. 没人告诉我她病了。

3 合成不定代词句法功能

  • (1) 作主语
    Anybody can use the pool-you don’t need to be a member.谁都能用泳池——你不必成为会员。
    Somebody in the office will know.办公室的有些人将会知道。

  • (2) 作宾语
    The terrorists forced everybody to lie face down on the floor.
    恐怖分子迫使每个人都面朝地趴下。
    You can’t blame him for everything.你不能什么事都怪他。

  • (3) 作表语
    At first I thought there was no one in the room.起初我以为房间里没人。
    There’s never anything worth watching on TV.电视上没什么值得看的东西。

  • (4) 与else连用:已经谈及的人或物,又想再提到的另外的人或物,可在合成不定代词后加”-else”
    You’ll have to ask someone else.你得问问别人。
    There’s nothing else we can do to help.我们帮不上什么别的忙。
    注意:合成不定代词前不能加定语,如表示限定,需在其在限定词。

an important somebody(x)
somebody important(√)
常用短语(背诵)
a)anything but = definitely not
b)be/have nothing to do with somebody/something = to have no connection with somebody/something
c)nothing but = only
d)nothing like(informal) = not at all

many,much,more,most,few,little用法

All she wanted was a few moments on her own. 一些
She had few moments on her own.一点儿
She saves a little money every month. 一些
They had little money to spend. 不多

有a 肯
没a 否
小样的,不可数

I don’ t earn much money. 多
Would you like some more food? 更多
Many people would disagree with your ideas. 许多
In this school, most of the children are from the Chinese community. 大多数的

5 some,any,either用法(背诵)

  • (1) some用于肯定句中,表示一些。

笔记整理自王菲语法,版权归王菲老师所有,此处仅用于学习之用